Essay about Egalitarian in Australian Society

Introduction: This paper analyzes and explains how the social class play influences social inequality in Australia, as well as how the myth of egalitarianism was created and how it is maintained. It also shows how inequality has influenced transformations in political, familial and industrial relations and how it has to be taken into account when endeavoring to come to grip with all kinds of inequalities. Due to changes in the societies, the is need to recollect the ideas of different classes, ethnical backgrounds, gender inequalities, political class, and embed them in the self, body and politics. There is a long history here that I could point to but I just want to draw out some of the more important forces operating to create the particular understandings of Australian egalitarianism. If we are going to talk about how egalitarianism became so firmly rooted in the Australian ethos we have to go back to the 19th century. According to McCarthy, the idea that Australia was relatively classless or that class did not matter very much stems back to colonial days. In its beginnings white Australia lacked the rigid class system taking shape in Great Britain. Australia did not have the traditional aristocracy of Great Britain – that group who gained their social position at the top of the tree through birth, title and rank. There were very few genuine gentlemen – people who did not need to work but were independently wealthy through inheritance. A wealthy land-owning class quickly developed but they fell below those traditional elite of Britain. Initially Australiaâ€⠄¢s class structure centered on a fairly basic division between landowners and their workers and across the 19th century it developed into a more complex system as the economy itself became more complex. So how did the idea come about that class didn’t matter very much? There were some desires to escape a rigid class structure. Firstly the argument is advanced that while there were social classes the barriers between them were fluid – there was fairly free mingling between social groups (especially in comparison to Britain) and there was also fluidity in terms of climbing the ladder that is that people, through hard work, could move from the working class to the middle and perhaps from the lower middle to the more solidly middle class. And nor in colonial Australia were the ranks of gentlemen firmly closed. This idea took hold pretty early in Australia because of instances of emancipists, former convicts, achieving comfortable lifestyles. The ex-convict who made good helped to foster the idea that people in Australia were judged on their merit rather than birth or past deeds. As a new society, with everything needing to be built from scratch, there was a lot of opportunity in Australia to ‘do well’. Australian workers were in a good position because there was a shortage of labor. Another important argument is that on the frontier people simply had to join together, regardless of class. You might remember from the early reading of Russel Ward’s description of the ‘typical’ Australian – he wrote of a fiercely independent person who hates officiousness and authority and displayed a cynical attitude to the pretensions of the wealthy and to anyone who liked to think of themselves as superior. Ward traces the development of this egalitarianism of manners to the convicts – convicts he argues developed a strong sense of community and solidarity; and a disdain for their masters. This was carried into the ‘lower orders’ more generally. Free immigrants he claims adopted the outlook of the old hands. Ward also thought that life on the frontier was important in the development of an egalitarian, collectivist ethos. People worked together – rich and poor. Success required hard work there was no real place for gentlemanl y pretensions –all needed to roll up their sleeves. And because bush life was so difficult with the population being spread over such large tracts of land for people to survive they needed to rely on one another. So class structures and more importantly class attitudes broke down. The discovery of gold in the 1850s did a lot to enhance this image of Australia. It was partly because on the goldfields former wage-earners might have been able to throw off the yoke of service and work for themselves rather than for a boss – small groups worked co-operatively without a master – bred a sense of independence – Some diggers did strike it lucky – new-found wealth enabled workers to acquire property, a house and perhaps establish a business – employees became employers. Wealth came through luck not breeding education or talent. This is a very brief historical background that goes some way to explaining the development of a strong commitment in Australia to egalitarianism. (McCarthy, 2008) According to Poleg, Egalitarianism in Australia is a dangerous indication of contemporary disparity since it reveals and makes people conscious on the way favors and resources are inequitably distributed against the expectations of the people on what they perceive as their rights. These feelings or experiences of unfairness are indelible in Australians especially as they grow through their stages of childhood socialization to adulthood. Controversies surrounding this unfairness patent themselves more explicitly at the political class as well as social life. Nevertheless, my core element is to analyze the persistent structures as well as the transformation of social inequalities since I realize that a new approach is essential. Painstaking researches have grouped these links into three categories of inequality being; Empirical reality, or the proof of its existence, Theory, or its sociological approaches and finally the individuals experience extent Egalitarianism originated during the time of the white settlements through the English prisoners who were the outcasts of the English system. Also, the struggle against the British soldiers and later, the early Australians developed types of brotherhood and mate ship among the pioneer Australians. Egalitarianism in Australia was reinforced by foreign visitors but not fully invented. At the beginning of the 20th century, Lawrence D.H visited Australia and gave some remarks through writing that Australia was a great relief in the entire atmosphere where then he cited that everybody should free in Australia. Lawrence was impressed that there was no class distinction in the entire Australian society where nobody felt special or than another. According to how Lawrence’s confession, some of the Australians were better than others but they could not show. In the 19th century, an English author called Marcus Clark wrote exclaiming that the new Australians were not nation of snobs like the English and that they were not of extravagant boosters like the Americans but a simple nation of drunkards. In addition to that, Australia is also considered to be among the pioneers of women social rights. According to the (Female suffrage act, SA) It was the second country in the world to recognize women as voters constitutionally. After the formation of the Brotherhood, inequality was highly enhanced. Australians became sexists as well as egalitarian mate-ship among males actively excluded female even though they were reluctantly accepted formally in 1885 as equal. Poverty is also another factor th at has highly affected egalitarianism since it was discovered to be among the threats to social life in Australia in the late 1960s. (Poleg, 2004) Greig, suggests that egalitarian in Australian nation or in other words classless society as he calls it, pervaded the colonial awareness at around 19th century whereby Australia emerged as a fresh economy during that period. Urbanization rate was growing tremendously at a very alarming rate leading to complex divisions of labor and then giving birth to a modern state called Australia. At that time, it became integral therefore finding a place in the global capitalist economy via the growing and exporting of crucial products where this was made easier through the mercantile ports which as well served as manufactured imports destination. Even though modern manufacturers remained embryonic at work, especially men, they were sufficient and led to the development of urban class alongside a class of pastoral capitalists and local mercantile. Toward the end of nineteenth century, egalitarianism was fully captured in Australia whereby it was simply referred to as the Workingman’s par adise; the term initially used by Henry Kingsley a novelist. Due to the fact that urban workers had recently migrated, their current status by then could not be compared to those they had left behind and this led to the reinforcement of the myth of egalitarianism in Australia. As a repercussion, the myth of workman’s paradise was misused by capitalists and statesmen since they triggered migration from the British Isles toward the workman’s paradise.   As a result, travel memoirs both local and international journals began to began to praise the kind of lifestyle that Australian working class had. They also started congratulating Australian government of for taking good care of their working class. Daily articles like the Melbourne that there was no country in the whole world which the comfort of the working class was so guaranteed and secure as Australia. It was later concluded that the working class permeated the Australian culture in terms of attitude. This led Australia to be considered as social reforms laboratory.   (Gre ig, 2003) As observed by Gregory Smith, egalitarianism has been transformed into a study which investigates qualities in Australian literature since it is among the characteristics that which celebrates the Australian national identity and character as well. The Australian identity was counterfeited in the wretchedness of pioneer era, put under a litmus paper the ‘first and the second world wars’ followed by the drastic challenges of immigration after war. Australian identity is carefree, democratic and egalitarian as Smith extols it. Due to the egalitarianism, the consciousness of Australian religion features respect among them empirically sensitive real and suspicious of theories. The mainstream culture of Australia is characterized by a firm past pioneering individualism. Australia is multi-cultural, full of skepticism and indifferent toward religion (Smith, 2001) Conclusion: Since the mid 1990s the idea of there being two Australia’s has developed – an educated, cosmopolitan and affluent urban Australia and a culturally marginalized rural or outer suburban Australia on the other. Some among the elites embraced the culturally diverse and more cosmopolitan Australia; others welcomed the more open economy. But for many ordinary Australians both the new economy and the new diverse society threatened what they saw as the Australia old. And because many did not prosper with globalization it has been easy to displace their anxieties about economic insecurity onto new immigrants and Aborigines. What we have also seen is an argument that suggests that minorities /Aborigines are privileged (getting more than a fair go) and the needs of old Anglo-Celtic Australians have been ignored. One of the more invidious developments in Australia from the mid 1990s More recently this acceptance of diversity has come under threat. And what is so fascinating is th at many in wanting to cling to a particular sort of egalitarianism have attacked minority groups as being the recipients of special privileges. Indigenous Australians, so this line of argument goes, get too many handouts. Such was the argument of new political as well as social forces that emerged in Australia in 1996. References: Poleg, D. (2004): A Short Overview of Australian Egalitarianism. OUA. Greig, A. (2003) Inequality in Australia. UTF. Smith, G. (2001): The Australian religious verse. OUP. Peeters, B. (2006): Egalitarianism in Australian discourse. UAE. Mc McCarthy, T. (2008): The myth of Egalitarianism. PCM.

A Study On The Stanford Prison Experiment Essay - 1503 Words

The Stanford Prison Experiment was a study done involving college students who were placed in a prison simulation and observed in the roles of both guards and prisoners. At the time of the study in 1971, it was a very controversial experiment, most likely due to both the nature of the experiment and the results, including the early dismissal of some of the students. In the following pages, this experiment will be examined from many different angles. The first angle that this paper will look at is taking a closer look at the introduction to the study. In general, the Stanford Prison Experiment was trying to explore the behavior inside of prisons and whether it is innate in people to react the way they do in the environment of the prison, or whether there is some personal quality that causes prisoners or guards to act the way they do behind prison walls. The main goal of the study of a prison simulation seemed to be to provide a basis of evidence for what causes aggressive or submissiv e behavior in the prison environment. In terms of what hypothesis the study was trying to support, it seemed to mainly be trying to either prove or disprove once and for all the dispositional hypothesis which blames the conditions of evil in the prisons on the prisoners, and, on the flip side, blames the evil in the prison on the guards. The people leading the experiment did not seem to take up one stance or another and only seemed to desire to prove or disprove the matter at handShow MoreRelatedA Study On Stanford Prison Experiment Essay838 Words   |  4 Pagesstarted class by stating that we would be learning about the Stanford Prison Experiment. We spent the entire day learning and discussing how this experiment influenced the world today. I was so infatuated with everything there was to learn. 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The prisoners became hostile and sought to start a riot in order to free themselvesRead MoreThe Stanford Prison Experiments1627 Words   |  7 PagesMollie Herrick Professor Ronnfeldt WRC 1013, 0B2 September 26, 2014 The Stanford Prison Experiments The Stanford Prison Experiments, which happened over forty years ago, showed how power, and being powerless, would change and affect a person to do things they wouldn’t normally do. The experiment was started to show what being in the situation of prison would do to a person psychologically. â€Å"I wanted to know who wins -- good people or an evil situation -- when they were brought into direct confrontation†(ZimbardoRead MoreI Chose The Topic Of Prison Psychology With A Focus On1198 Words   |  5 PagesI chose the topic of prison psychology with a focus on the Stanford prison experiment and the psychological effects of systematic abuse. Zimbardo, Philip G. Revisiting the Stanford Prison Experiment: A Lesson in the Power of Situation. The Chronicle of Higher Education, no. 30, 2007. EBSCOhost, ezproxy.uhd.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=truedb=edsgbcAN=edsgcl.161992127site=eds-livescope=site. The Stanford Prison Experiment was a study on the psychological effects

Lean Processes Case Study free essay sample

The first perspective of organizational effectiveness the hospitals are utilizing is an organizational learning perspective. The hospitals have identified in their studies that several sources of capital influence their effectiveness. Specifically, human and structural capitals are being utilized to benefit the organization. â€Å"Lean works because it is based on doctors, nurses, and other staff leading the process and telling us what adds value and what doesn’t. They are the ones who know. Organizational Behavior: Case Study 1. 1. McGraw-Hill). Here, an emphasis is placed on human capital, and the knowledge, experience, and know-how hospital employees bring to the process. By bringing these individuals into the decision making process who have their hands in the work day in and day out, the outcome will be a more efficient, and smoothly running operation as evidenced by the case study. Building on the human capital used, the hospitals are also using a high performance work practice perspective. We will write a custom essay sample on Lean Processes Case Study or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The hospital is packaging together the best use of their organizational practices to create a competitive edge. Employee involvement is key, and has strengthened motivation and improved overall decision-making. By imploring all employees to have a say in how their organization is run, the end product is greater than the sum of its parts. Lastly, I see the lean process using portions of the open system perspective. In many of the hospitals cited, a deep look at how their internal systems were being used was a major factor in how to improve overall. Coordination, productivity, and innovation (all aspects of the open systems perspective), were all used to make sure the inputs created the most effective outputs. 2. Does lean management ignore some perspectives of organizational effectiveness? If so, what are the unintended consequences of these practices that might undermine, rather than improve, an organization’s effectiveness? Absolutely, there are quite a few perspectives of organizational effectiveness that could be ignored with hospitals moving towards lean practices. The first I see is a potential to limit the stakeholder perspective. Although the benefit is quicker and more efficient customer care, at what expense does that come from at the stakeholders who are really the customers and patients? There is a push from hospital staff to make their practices work to their benefit, but at the end of the day, will patients feel rushed, or pushed through the process like cattle? Is it possible we lose some of the personal care aspect in a surgical setting, just to push a patient in and out of the door? Maybe profits and efficiency go up, but if one truly sees the patients as stakeholders, there is a possible conflict. Not to mention, depending on how far the hospitals take their efficiency measures, employees could also feel the pressure of rushing patients through a defined measured process. Do employees as stakeholders get forgotten in this case? This also leads directly into a possibility of ignoring the corporate social responsibility aspect. If a company’s role is to really look beyond their bottom line, and make a positive difference in their communities and our society, does this overbearing style of lean management obtain that goal? I think that depends on how you gauge corporate social responsibility. If we base the argument solely on number of surgeries or patients seen and profit, then yes maybe the hospitals are operating in a socially responsible manner. If we argue that there is a genuine lack of personal care in lean management of a hospital, then no, maybe the hospitals are not operating in a socially responsible manner.

Conflict in The Age of Innocence and Manhattan Transfer

Goldsmith, Arnold. The Contemporary American Urban Novel. Wayne State UP, 1991. Goldsmith examines various American novelists and the way these novelists present the American society. Goldsmith notes that these novelists have presented the conflicts that faced people as they encountered new ways. This book makes the reader understand the concerns that are raised in American literature.Advertising We will write a custom annotated bibliography sample on Conflict in The Age of Innocence and Manhattan Transfer specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Gray, Richard. A History of American Literature. John Wiley Sons, 2011. Gray gives the history of the literature of America, and he highlights the conflicts featured in this literature. A lot of American literature, according to Gray, arose form the cultural conflicts that Americans faced. Thus, cultural conflict is the root of most American literature. This theme is presented in the poetry of W hitman, Poe and many American authors. Lee, Harry. Edgar Allan Poe: An Illustrated Companion to His Tell-Tale Stories. Metro Books, 2008. Harry introduces the concerns of Poe’s literature, and he shows that Poe deals with the conflicts in the American society. The American society is made up of people from different cultures, and there are lots of cultural conflicts. However, Poe suggests that formation of an American culture will solve this problem. Passos, John. Manhattan Transfer.  Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003. This novel is an expressionistic image of New York in the 1920s, and it reveals the lives of rich, power brokers and poor immigrants. Dos Passos records the lives of characters who are struggling to be a part of modernity before modernity destroys them. This novel gives the story of people who are struggling to fit in the new American society. People face a lot of challenges in this society. The novel also reflects themes of nationhood present in Whitman’s po etry. Reynolds, David. Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography. Vintage Books, 1995. This book is indispensable in studying Whitman’s work. It gives themes that are recurrent in Whitman’s work and explains their relevance to American people. The conflicts presented in this book are relevant in understanding the conflicts that faced America during cultural integration. Wharton, Edith. The Age of Innocence. Forgotten Books, 1948. This is the primary text from which this essay will be constructed. The book gives the raw material for the future paper. There is a conflict in this book, and people are getting in to foreign ways. People respect the American Society of the time, and the family is very important. However, some new ways are starting to have influence, and the society is changing.Advertising Looking for annotated bibliography on american literature? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Works Cited Go ldsmith, Arnold. The Contemporary American Urban Novel. Wayne State UP, 1991. Gray, Richard. A History of American Literature. John Wiley Sons, 2011. Lee, Harry. Edgar Allan Poe: An Illustrated Companion to His Tell-Tale Stories. Metro Books, 2008. Passos, John. Manhattan Transfer.  Houghton Mifflin Co., 2003. Reynolds, David. Walt Whitman’s America: A Cultural Biography. Vintage Books, 1995. Wharton, Edith. The Age of Innocence. Forgotten Books, 1948. This annotated bibliography on Conflict in The Age of Innocence and Manhattan Transfer was written and submitted by user Averie W. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Women in Love essays

Women in Love essays D.H. Lawrence (1885-1930) was born in central England. His mother was a schoolteacher and father was a heavy drinker. Lawrence's mother died in 1910; he helped her die by giving her an overdose of sleeping medicine. E. M. Forster's claim that he was the greatest imaginative novelist, one of the greatest figures in 20th-century. "Snake" and "How Beastly the Bourgeoisie is" are probably his most anthologized poems. Women In Love, considered his best, was written during World War I. This book is a sequel to The Rainbow. Modernist form and modernist content are in this book. It is thus a major modernist text and possesses an intellectual power that few other 20th century novels can much. Women in love is about the problem of today, the establishment of a new relation, or the readjustment of the old one, between man and women. Through a series of dramatic scenes- a wedding, a water party, encounters in flats and restaurants in London, excursions to the countryside around the town Beldover, Lawrence creates a passionate, lyrical and savagely critical vision of modern society and modern values. In his intense friendship with Gerald and his marriage to Ursula, Birkin seeks out a new kind of relationships attempting to transcend the destructive 20th century conjuction of the love and death and its mechanical, soulless sexuality. The author first shows a strange a new kind relationship. Ill move on the plot of the book. Its a story of two sisters- Ursula and Gudrun. They live in a town Beldover, and their relationships dominate the novel. Ursula is a teacher and she is in love with school inspector Rupert Birkin. They meanwhile, are married and the novel continues to explore their happier relationship. The author himself is present in the novel as a character Rupert. Now, about the characters. Gerald and Gudrun, Ursula and Birkin are drawn towards each other. The main figure- Birkin, suffers from frustrated life, he...

Analyzing HR Policies of Tesco Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Analyzing HR Policies of Tesco - Essay Example All these policies are closely knitted with one another. Human resource management components cannot be separated from each other and they together denote effectiveness of the approach. Tesco employs approximately 310,000 people in its UK branch. The company witnessed certain challenges in terms of declining sales margin and falling share price value. This aspect greatly affected employee base and it was essential to boost up their morale. In this report, drawbacks in HR policies of the company shall be highlighted along with some recommendations to be implemented in the system. HR practices and policies revolve around various theoretical frameworks. These frameworks basically state the need for human resource management strategies. Employees should be motivated in every sphere of workplace simply because they are the most valuable asset of an organization. Recruitment and selection procedure are basic methods through which a pool of talent is structured within an organization. These initial methods are then followed by the training and development approach. Learning plays an important role in organizational success (Torrington, Hall and Taylor, 2014). A learning organization is always more productive in comparison to other firms. Kolb’s learning cycle includes different components that are generally focused on by HR practitioners. Figure1 further elaborates this cycle. As per figure1, the first phase of this learning cycle is to identify probable learning need. On basis of this need, learning opportunities are appropriately designed. This eventually leads to influencing candidates so that they are able to opt for these opportunities. The last phase of this cycle is critical since it denotes effectiveness of entire learning program (Bonnici, 2011). Evaluation phase helps a team leader to analyze overall impact of learning program on employees.

The Actual Reasons for the Perpetuation of Internet Crimes Essay

The Actual Reasons for the Perpetuation of Internet Crimes - Essay Example Nevertheless, despite security measures and laws against cyber crimes, such a situation of clear and present danger persists for a number of reasons. The reasons why Internet crimes remain despite the law enforced against them include the ease in which they can be committed, poor security measures, and carelessness on the part of the victims. One reason why Internet crimes persist is the mere fact that they are relatively easy to commit. A teenage hacker, Nicholas Webber, is the brains behind the ?16.2M-credit card theft at Ghostmarket.net in 2009. This is roughly $25.3M of stolen consumer money from an estimated 8,000 members of Ghostmarket.net all over the world. Webber was only 18 and his accomplice Ryan Thomas was only 17. They were imprisoned for 8 and 4 years respectively for channeling the money of the consumers to an offshore bank account located in Costa Rica (Malik, 2012). Therefore, teenagers like Webber and Thomas who simply know hacking and banking basically already have all the means to easily carry out an Internet crime. They can do this easily especially with anonymous programs. In fact, according to the December 2000 report by McConnell International, the occurrence of Internet crimes is caused by the following factors: â€Å"They are easy to learn how to commit; they require few resources relative to the potential damage caused; they can be committed in a jurisdiction without being physically present in it; and they are often not clearly illegal† (â€Å"Cyber Crime,† 2000). There is clearly a problem with Internet crimes when it comes to legalities. In fact, according to the report, there are still 33 countries which have not had their laws updated – like Egypt, Italy, Norway, New Zealand and France. Moreover, there are only 52 which have definitely stated laws against Internet crimes (â€Å"Cyber Crime,† 2000). However for the 33 countries, the vague and confusing laws simply translate as a difficult due process an d a possibility of the suspect being exonerated. Another reason why it is relatively easy to commit Internet crimes is that the suspect knows that he can simply make a plea on invasion of privacy and may claim that for the government to pry on his own private transactions is against his freedom and right. The reason for this is definitely a confusing system of legalities governing Internet crimes, making such crimes irreconcilable with the idea of freedom of speech and the right to privacy. For example, How different is it if libelous and malicious statements are written on private accounts in social, in March 2006, a British woman named Tracy Williams was accused of and charged with libel by the British court for â€Å"posting false sexual allegations† at an unnamed online social networking site about a Parliamentary candidate that the police believed she had issues with (Darlington, 2010). It is therefore really unclear which part of the Internet crime merely expresses free dom and which part violates the law. Due to these problems with legalities, only a mere 30% of an estimated 1,600 identity thieves in the United States alone end up prosecuted and even in relatively less jail time despite the fact that 8.3M victims have been harassed, according to the FBI. Moreover, only about 1,400 cases are given attention from around 300,000 complaints about